Creencias y competencias lingüísticas en estudiantes universitarios latinoamericanos ¿son complementarias o se contraponen? / Beliefs and linguistic competences in latin american university students are they complementary or are they opposed? / Crenças e competências linguísticas em estudantes universitários latino-americano são complementares ou estão contraponados?

Resumen Introducción: Verificar continuamente la problemática acerca de las escasas competencias lectoras y escritoras en estudiantes de los diversos niveles educativos, incluyendo el universitario, así como evidenciar que la formación de los estudiantes en esas habilidades ha sido escasa en algunos sistemas educativos de Latinoamérica, son razones valederas para continuar las investigaciones al respecto. Objetivo: Describir las creencias (representaciones sociales) construidas sobre el dominio de la lengua en estudiantes universitarios de Venezuela, Ecuador, Perú y Cuba. Materiales y métodos: Se empleó el método del Análisis del Discurso, la muestra se integró por 289 estudiantes pertenecientes a ocho universidades, como instrumento de recolección de datos se usó una prueba diagnóstica y los datos se analizaron mediante la estadística descriptiva complementada con el análisis de contenido. Resultados: Los principales hallazgos revelan para la categoría dominio de la lengua española la valoración alto y medio; en consecuencia, las representaciones sociales halladas indican que los estudiantes tienen la creencia de que cuentan con estrategias que los hace competentes en el dominio de la lengua. Mientras que para las categorías comprensión lectora, niveles sintáctico, semántico y pragmático hay una predominancia de los rasgos regular y mal, lo que muestra un manejo deficiente de competencias lingüísticas básicas. Conclusión: Existe una clara contradicción entre creencias de los estudiantes y las competencias que tienen.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Continuously check the problems about the scarce reading and writing skills of students of the different educational levels, including the university, as well as show that the training of students in these skills has been scarce in some educational systems in Latin America, are valid reasons for continue the investigations in this regard. Objective: In this sense, the purpose was to describe the beliefs (social representations) built on the domain of the language in university students from Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Cuba. Materials and methods: The Discourse Analysis method was used, the sample was integrated by 289 students belonging to eight universities, as a data collection instrument a diagnostic test was used and the data were analyzed by descriptive statistics complemented with content analysis. Results: The main findings reveal high and medium valuation for the Spanish language proficiency category; consequently, the social representations found indicate that students have the belief that they have strategies that make them competent in the domain of the language. While for the reading comprehension, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels there is a predominance of regular and poor traits, which shows a poor management of basic linguistic skills. Conclusion: There is a clear contradiction between students' beliefs and the competencies they have.

Resumo Introdução: continuamente verificar problemática sobre as habilidades de leitura limitadas e escritores entre alunos de diferentes níveis de ensino, incluindo universidades e demonstram que a formação dos alunos nessas habilidades têm sido escassas em alguns sistemas educacionais na América Latina são razões válidas para continuar as investigações a esse respeito. Objetivo: Nesse sentido, o objetivo foi descrever as crenças (representações sociais) construídas no domínio da língua de níveis Venezuela, Equador, Peru e Cuba. Materiais e métodos: o método de análise do discurso, a amostra foi integrado por 289 estudantes de oito universidades, como teste de diagnóstico de recolha de dados instrumento foi usado e os dados foram analisados utilizando análise estatística descritiva complementada conteúdo foi usada. Resultados: Os principais resultados revelam uma avaliação alta e média para a categoria de proficiência em espanhol; consequentemente, as representações sociais encontradas indicam que os estudantes têm a crença de que possuem estratégias que os tornam competentes no domínio da língua. Enquanto para a leitura de categorias de compreensão, níveis sintáticas, semânticas e pragmáticas há uma predominância de regular e características ruins, o que mostra a má gestão de competências linguísticas básicas. Conclusão: Há uma clara contradição entre as crenças dos alunos e as competências que eles têm.

Progress of health psychology regulation: A comparison between countries

The independent practice of clinical psychology has experimented recent changes. Spain has achieved to regulate the current professional situation of the different figures of clinical psychologists mainly in three arms: 1) by authorizing those psychologists who met the required legal criteria to continue with their clinical practice, 2) by creating the Master in General Health Psychology (MGHP) and 3) by maintaining the tasks and public scope for Psychologist Specialized in Clinical Psychology (PSCP) This manuscript aims to summarize the process for the regulation of clinical and health psychology in Spain and to compare it to other European and North American countries. Discussion about the quality, benefits and future ambitions of the MGHP programs have been made.

Comparación de barnices y dentífrico con flúor en la prevención de caries en escolares / Comparison of varnishes and fluoridated toothpaste for the prevention of dental caries in school children

Objetivo Comparar el efecto preventivo de caries dental de dos frecuencias de aplicación de barniz fluorado (BF) con un grupo que utilizó instrucciones de cepillado con dentífrico fluorado. Materiales y Método Se siguieron durante 22 meses a 203 niños de una escuela primaria en la delegación Tláhuac, Ciudad de México, quienes fueron asignados aleatoriamente a uno de los siguientes grupos: 1) instrucciones de cepillado con dentífrico fluorado 3 veces al año, 2) BF semestral, 3) BF tres aplicaciones semanales al año. El BF contenía fluorosilano (1000 ppm F), el dentífrico NaF (1450 ppm F). Se registró el índice de caries CPOD y la presencia de manchas blancas usando los criterios del ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System). Resultados Al inicio del estudio, el promedio de edad fue 9,3 (DE 0,76) años, el promedio de lesiones blancas 0,63 (DE 1,48) y del CPOD 0,70 (DE 1,11). CPOD inicial y final en los tres grupos fueron: instrucciones de cepillado usando dentífrico fluorado 0,67 y 1,17, BF semestral 0,77 y 1,46 y grupo BF 3 aplicaciones 0,67 y 1,03, respectivamente.. De acuerdo a los resultados del modelo GEE (Generalized Estimating Equations), no se detectaron diferencias significativas en el incremento de lesiones blancas o en el CPOD para el índice de caries (CPOD) entre los tres grupo; para el CPOD las aplicaciones semestrales mostraron RR=1,24 (p=0,178) y para 3 aplicaciones RR=0,83, (p=0,298), comparando con el grupo de instrucciones de cepillado con dentífrico fluorado, controlando por edad, sexo, cpod inicial y frecuencia de cepillado. Conclusiones Los escolares mostraron una baja incidencia de caries utilizando cualquiera de los tres regímenes preventivos aplicados.(AU)

Objective To compare preventive effect on dental caries of two frequencies of fluoridated varnish (FV) applications and a group given brushing instructions and using fluoridated toothpaste. Materials and Methods Follow-up study of 203 children attending an elementary school in the municipality of Tláhuac, Mexico City. The children were followed for 22 months. The students were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: 1) brushing instructions with fluoridated toothpaste, 2) FV every six months, 3) three FV applications per week per year. The FV contained fluorosilane (1000 ppm F) and NaF dentifrice (1450 ppm F). The DMFT-caries index and the presence of white spots were recorded (ICDAS, International Caries Detection and Assessment System). Results At baseline, the mean age of the children was 9.3 (SD 0.76) years, white lesions 0.63 (SD 1.48) and DMFT =0.70 (SD 1.11). Averages of the initial and final DMFT scores in the three groups were 0.67 and 1.17 for the toothpaste group, 0.77 and 1.46 for FV twice a year group, and 0.67 y 1.03 for the three-applications-FV group. According to the results of the GEE (Generalized-Estimating Equations) model, there were no significant differences in the rate of white lesions or the increase of the DMFT index. The results for the DMFT were: for bi-annual applications of FV, RR=1.24 (p=0.178) and for the three consecutive applications of FV, RR=0.83, (p=0.298) in comparison with the brushing-instructions group using fluoridated toothpaste, among the three treatment groups, controlling for age, sex, and initial-caries index in primary teeth and brushing frequency. Conclusions Schoolchildren showed a low incidence of caries using any of the three preventive regimens applied.(AU)

Conducta agresiva y ajuste personal y escolar en una muestra de estudiantes adolescentes españoles / Aggressive Behavior and Personal and School Adjustment in a Sample of Spanish Adolescent Students

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar en qué medida la conducta agresiva hacia los iguales predice un mayor desajuste personal y escolar en los adolescentes agresores, chicos y chicas. Se utilizó una muestra de 1510 adolescentes españoles de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. Los análisis de regresión logística mostraron que, en relación con el ajuste personal, el comportamiento agresivo predice significativamente y para ambos sexos altas puntuaciones en sintomatología depresiva, estrés percibido y soledad, y bajas puntuaciones en autoestima, satisfacción vital y empatia. En el ámbito escolar, la conducta agresiva se relacionó con bajas puntuaciones en implicación académica, afiliación con los compañeros, percepción de apoyo del profesor y actitud positiva hacia la escuela.

The aim of the present study was to determine to what extent aggressive behavior toward peers predicts problems of personal and school adjustment in aggressive adolescents, boys and girls. A sample of 1510 Spanish adolescents of compulsory secondary school was used. The logistic regression analyses showed that, in relation to personal adjustment, aggressive behavior significantly predicted for both sexes high scores in depressive symptoms, perceived stress and loneliness, and low scores on self-esteem, life satisfaction and empathy. For the school variables, aggressive behavior was associated with low scores on academic involvement, affiliation with peers, perceived teacher support and positive attitude toward school.

Lo esencial es invisible a los ojos: payasos que humanizan y promueven salud / What is essential in invisible to the eye: humanitarian and health promotion clowns

La figura del payaso ha pasado por diferentes momentos y lecturas históricas, lo que permite considerarla como una figura arquetípica. Su papel en la sociedad históricamente fue el del ridículo, objeto de risas, pero el payaso no sólo es un ser congruente, auténtico y valiente, sino que también puede ser frágil y transparente en sus significaciones. En la actualidad los significados de este personaje son reconstruidos, como, por ejemplo, en los programas de payasos en intervenciones comunitarias - un fenómeno nuevo, que ha crecido de forma considerable en los últimos años. Ellos se encuentran en diferentes lugares, como hospitales, campos de refugiados, territorios en vías de desarrollo y en situaciones de emergencia en todo el mundo, ocupando ahora un espacio de transición rumbo a la configuración de cuidador. Preocupados en promover la salud a través del humor, de la risa y de una atención auténtica y verdadera con el otro, estos artistas encajan, cada vez más, en intervenciones comunitarias, ejerciendo así un papel social y sanitario significativo. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo relacionar la figura del payaso y los programas de payasos de hospital con el movimiento de humanización hospitalaria existente actualmente, identificando en ellos, relaciones con el trabajo de promoción de salud.

The figure of the clown has passed through different moments and historical lectures, which makes it be considered an archetypal figure in the occidental culture. Their role in society has always been the ridiculous, object of giggling, but the clown is not only a being consistent, authentic and courageous, he is also fragile and transparent in his significations. Nowadays, the means of this character are reconstructed, like, for example, in the programs of clowns in community interventions - a new phenomenon that has grown considerably in the last years. They are already in different places such as hospitals, refugee camps, in developing areas and in emergency situations around the world. Anxious to promote health through humour, of laughter and a true and genuine attention to the other, these artists fit, increasingly, in community interventions, acting as a very important social role. This work aims to relate the figure of the clown and the clown of the hospital programs with the movement of humanization hospital currently available, identifying in them, relations with the work of health and promotion.

Ecogenetics of Triatoma sordida and Triatoma guasayana (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the Bolivian Chaco

Triatoma guasayana and two putative cryptic species pertaining to T. sordida complex (named groups 1 and 2) occur in sympatry in the Bolivian Chaco. Using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and subsequent genetic analysis, our work assesses their population distribution and dispersal capacity in domestic, peridomestic, and silvatic environments. Our collections by light trap in the silvatic environment indicated a predominance of T. guasayana and T. sordida group 2 and a lesser abundance of T. sordida group 1 (ú 10 percent of the total of captures). Their similar distribution in two silvatic areas 80 km apart supports the hypothesis of their homogeneous dispersal through the Bolivian Chaco. The distribution of T. guasayana and T. sordida groups 1 and 2 was similar between silvatic environment and peridomestic ecotopes where 25 percent of positive places was occupied by two or three species. Bromeliads were confirmed as favorable shelter for T. guasayana but were free of T. sordida. T. sordida group 1 and to a lesser extent T. guasayana would be more invasive vectors for houses than T. sordida group 2. The spatial partition in the three species sampled in two distant sites suggested a reduced dispersive capacity

Genetic structure of Triatoma sordida (Hemiptera: Reduciidae) domestic populations from Bolivia: application on control interventions

The genetic population of Triatoma sordida group 1, a secondary vector of Chagas disease in Bolivia, was studied by multi-locus enzyme electrophoresis. A total of 253 nymphal and adult specimens collected from seven neighbouring localities in the Velasco Province, Department of Santa Cruz, were processed. The relatively low genetic variability was confirmed for this species (rate of polymorphism: 0.20). The absence of genetic disequilibrium detected within the seven localities was demonstrated. A geographical structuration appears between localities with distances greater than 20 km apart. Although T. sordida presents a relatively reduced dispersive capacity, its panmictic unit is wider than compared with T. infestans. Genetic distances between T. sordida populations were correlated with geographic distance. Gene flow between geographic populations of T. sordida provides an efficent framework for effective vigilance and control protocols.

La ipecacuana y el disulfiram: su valoración como recursos aversivos en el tratamiento del alcoholismo / Ipecacuana and disulfiram: their assessment as aversive resources in alcoholism treatment

Tres grupos de 35 pacientes con dependencia alcohólica primaria, ingresados en un servicio psiquiátrico organizado en comunidad terapéutica, fueron estudiados con el propósito de obtener criterios sobre la repercusión psíquica y somática, así como sobre la efectividad de la ipecacuana y el disulfiram como recursos aversivos. Todos los integrantes de la muestra, recibieron un tratamiento integral que incluyó psicoterapia individual y de grupo, así como recursos biológicos y sociales. En los grupos I y II se incluyeron además respectivamente la ipecacuana y el disulfiram como recursos aversivos y el III fungió como control. Se evidenció una mayor repercusión del disulfiram sobre los signos vitales y las manifestaciones objetivas y subjetivas expresaron los efectos parasimpáticos-miméticos a predominio digestivo en la ipecacuana, así como la potencialidad ansiogénica y repercusión cardiovascular del disulfiram. La instalación y desaparición de los efectos inmediatos de la ipecacuana fue más tardía, aunque en ambos recursos se hizo evidente la dispersión temporal de efectos. Los pacientes integrantes de los grupos aversivos respectivos evaluaron ambos recursos como los más útiles y los porcientos de abstinentes a los 6 meses del egreso fueron de 37,1; 17,1; y 8,6 para los grupos disulfiram, ipecacuana y control en igual orden